The cryptoasset ecosystem has become multichain. Different blockchains have emerged to serve distinct use cases: Ethereum for DeFi infrastructure, Solana for high-throughput applications, Bitcoin for secure store of value and trading, et cetera. The industry has recognized that no single blockchain optimally serves every use case.
This multichain reality requires interoperability. Digital assets must be able to move between blockchains. One type of service that enables this in a decentralized and often anonymous way are cross-chain bridges. They facilitate asset transfers between blockchains, allowing users and institutions to access liquidity, optimize transaction costs and deploy capital across multiple networks.
The scale is substantial: According to Elliptic’s 2025 The state of cross-chain crime report, bridges have facilitated over $680 billion in cryptoasset swaps. This growth in cross-chain bridge activity creates corresponding requirements for compliance infrastructure. Compliance teams at financial institutions and crypto-native businesses, as well as investigators at law enforcement agencies, need the ability to trace funds across blockchains.
How do cross-chain bridges work?
Cross-chain bridges move assets between blockchains using a lock-and-mint mechanism. When you bridge an asset from one chain to another, the bridge locks your original asset in a smart contract and releases the equivalent amount on the destination chain from a reserve pool.
Specific bridge architecture varies by protocol. Some bridges operate through centralized validators, while others use decentralized networks of node operators. More recent implementations incorporate zero-knowledge proofs and other cryptographic techniques to improve security and reduce their reliance on intermediaries.
How do criminals exploit cross-chain bridges?
The vast majority of cross-chain bridging activity is legitimate. Elliptic has identified that illicit crypto swapped through cross-chain bridges constitutes less than 1% of the $680 billion in cryptoasset swaps.
Even so, a bridge’s decentralized and anonymous nature is attractive to criminals who want to layer their criminal proceeds by swapping them across different blockchains and making them more difficult for investigators to trace. This is called “chain-hopping” — the often-rapid successive swaps of illicit funds across different assets and blockchains to obfuscate their origin.
For example, the below graph was produced with Elliptic’s blockchain forensics solution Investigator and shows how North Korean actors sent stolen funds across five different blockchains, moving from Bitcoin through Ethereum, Arbitrum, and Base to arrive at Tron. Each hop was designed to multiply investigative costs, forcing investigators to trace through dozens of bridges or abandon the trail.
Stolen funds moving across five blockchains through 48 different transactions
Similarly, the CBEX investment scam executed over a hundred bridge transactions between Tron and Ethereum months before its collapse, laundering funds while actively claiming legitimacy. The fraudsters split funds across hundreds of different bridging transactions, exponentially multiplying the time and effort required to manually trace each transaction from its origin to destination blockchain.
Following funds across blockchains with VVTEs
Given criminals’ ability and willingness to send stolen funds across blockchains, combined with the explosive growth in legitimate activity through cross-chain bridges, compliance infrastructure must operate at comparable efficiency and sophistication. This means it must have the ability to trace transactions through bridges automatically, at the speed and scale that the ecosystem now demands.
More specifically, compliance teams processing high transaction volumes need immediate visibility into bridged asset origins. When funds arrive via a bridge, transaction monitoring systems must determine whether the source involves illicit exposure without creating approval delays for legitimate activity. With thousands of transactions to screen daily, manual bridge tracing creates operational bottlenecks.
Additionally, compliance teams conducting enhanced due diligence, financial intelligence units or law enforcement pursuing illicit funds require the ability to trace complex cross-chain trails efficiently. When criminals use chain-hopping to structure funds across multiple bridges, they must be able to follow the funds without it requiring too much manual effort.
Elliptic solves for this in its solutions by automatically attributing transactions across bridges through a technology we call virtual value transfer events (VVTEs). Rather than overlaying multiple blockchains and requiring investigators to manually match transactions, VVTEs establish direct, verifiable links between source and destination transactions. Elliptic’s VVTE infrastructure covers over 300 bridging protocol combinations and converts multi-hour manual investigations into single-click attribution.
Elliptic’s VVTEs make it easy to follow transactions through a bridge
The operational impact is substantial. The North Korean case described above, involving 48 structured events across five blockchains, becomes a single-click operation that surfaces the complete chain-hopping trail in seconds. More significantly, automated tracing reveals patterns and errors that manual investigation might overlook.
Real-world benefits of VVTEs
Crypto investigations now routinely involve multiple blockchains. Without automated bridge tracing infrastructure, these investigations present untenable resource requirements. Elliptic’s VVTEs convert them into manageable operational workflows.
- For transaction monitoring teams, VVTEs enable immediate risk assessment of bridged deposits. Rather than flagging bridge transactions as indeterminate risk requiring manual review, monitoring systems trace to origin blockchains automatically, identifying illicit exposure while maintaining transaction flow for legitimate activity.
- For compliance investigators, law enforcement and financial intelligence units, VVTEs accelerate case development across complex cross-chain trails. Following leads through bridges happens in seconds rather than hours, enabling rapid assessment and resource allocation based on complete cross-chain visibility. Automated tracing also systematically surfaces criminal errors, such as wallet reuse or unexpected entity connections, that manual investigation might miss.
- For financial institutions, VVTEs provide visibility into clients’ crypto exposure across chains. When conducting due diligence on crypto businesses or assessing customer crypto holdings, understanding cross-chain activity becomes essential for accurate risk assessment.
Infrastructure built for a multichain reality
The crypto ecosystem will continue expanding. New blockchains, bridging protocols and cross-chain infrastructure emerge regularly. This multichain architecture isn’t a temporary phase; it’s the fundamental structure of how crypto now operates. As this evolution continues, the compliance infrastructure supporting it must evolve correspondingly.
Blockchain’s structural transparency means the advantage is with the investigators and compliance officers who have appropriate capabilities. Every bridging transaction, chain-hop and structuring attempt creates permanent, verifiable evidence. Elliptic’s VVTEs ensure that evidence translates into actionable intelligence rather than insurmountable analytical burden.
Compliance teams and investigators face a straightforward operational requirement: Trace cross-chain activity as efficiently as the bridges that facilitate it. Manual bridge tracing cannot scale to meet the demands of a multichain ecosystem processing hundreds of billions in annual bridge volume. Elliptic’s automated bridge attribution through VVTEs solves this, converting hours of manual work into immediate cross-chain visibility. Want to learn more? Contact us today.
